{"id":7049,"date":"2020-11-26T21:32:13","date_gmt":"2020-11-26T20:32:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecocranes.hu\/a-darugyartas-alapanyaga-az-acel-iii-resz\/"},"modified":"2025-10-13T16:42:35","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T14:42:35","slug":"a-darugyartas-alapanyaga-az-acel-iii-resz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecocranes.hu\/ro\/a-darugyartas-alapanyaga-az-acel-iii-resz\/","title":{"rendered":"O\u021belul, materia prim\u0103 utilizat\u0103 \u00een fabricarea macaralelor \u2013 Partea a III-a"},"content":{"rendered":"

III. \u2013 Aliaj<\/h2>\n

Seria noastr\u0103 de articole care prezint\u0103 procesul de produc\u021bie a o\u021belului <\/strong>\u00een partea a doua<\/strong><\/a> Am ajuns la finalul procesului de fabrica\u021bie. Totu\u0219i, pentru ca o\u021belul s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 <\/strong>produc\u021bia de macarale<\/strong><\/a> Pentru a \u00eendeplini cerin\u021bele stricte impuse \u00een cadrul acestui proces, sunt necesare opera\u021biunile de rafinare \u0219i aliajare. Articolul nostru de ast\u0103zi trateaz\u0103 aceste procese.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bine, dar ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ealegere\u201d?<\/h5>\n

Industria utilizeaz\u0103 pe scar\u0103 foarte larg\u0103 diverse tipuri de o\u021bel, iar diferitele moduri de utilizare necesit\u0103 o\u021beluri cu propriet\u0103\u021bi diferite.<\/p>\n

Materialul care corespunde cel mai bine scopului de utilizare dintr-un amestec de materie prim\u0103 (o\u021bel) \u0219i alte materiale (metalice sau nemetalice)<\/strong><\/em> o putem produce. Acest proces se nume\u0219te aliaj.<\/p>\n

Substan\u021bele care influen\u021beaz\u0103 sau modific\u0103 \u00een mod favorabil propriet\u0103\u021bile materiei prime din punctul nostru de vedere \u0219i din perspectiva utiliz\u0103rii, \u00eel numim aliaj<\/strong><\/em>.<\/pre>\n
O parte din aceste materiale se afl\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een produc\u021bia de minereu de fier<\/a> o parte este transformat\u0103 \u00een o\u021bel, iar cealalt\u0103 parte este produc\u021bia de o\u021bel<\/a> este ad\u0103ugat \u00een o\u021bel \u00een timpul procesului, a\u0219a cum s-a men\u021bionat anterior.<\/p>\n
A cu afinitate redus\u0103<\/strong><\/em> aliaje nobile (nichel, cobalt, molibden, cupru<\/strong><\/em>) poate fi introdus \u00een cuptor \u00eempreun\u0103 cu materialele de umplutur\u0103.<\/p>\n
\u00cen schimb, cu afinitate ridicat\u0103<\/strong><\/em> aliaje (crom, vanadiu, tungsten, aluminiu, titan<\/strong><\/em>) trebuie ad\u0103ugat \u00een o\u021belul lichid numai dup\u0103 procesul de dezoxidare.<\/p>\n
Aliajele \u0219i efectul lor asupra o\u021belului<\/h5>\n
Urm\u0103toarele sunt elementele de aliere utilizate cel mai frecvent \u00een produc\u021bia o\u021belului:<\/p>\n
Carbon:<\/strong><\/em> cre\u0219te rezisten\u021ba la rupere a o\u021belului, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eei reduce alungirea, maleabilitatea \u0219i capacitatea de tragere.<\/p>\n
Mangan:<\/strong><\/em> cre\u0219te, de asemenea, rezisten\u021ba la rupere, precum \u0219i temperatura de tranzi\u021bie \u00een timpul procesului de fabrica\u021bie, \u00eens\u0103 (de\u0219i \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul carbonului) reduce alungirea.<\/p>\n
Siliciu:<\/strong><\/em> Datorit\u0103 efectului de cre\u0219tere a rezisten\u021bei, alungirea o\u021belului scade doar \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 nesemnificativ\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la un con\u021binut de siliciu de 1,5%. Cre\u0219terea con\u021binutului de siliciu al aliajului reduce \u00eens\u0103 \u00een mod semnificativ conductivitatea electric\u0103 a o\u021belului.<\/p>\n
Aluminiu:<\/strong><\/em> Nu se utilizeaz\u0103 \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi mari ca aliaj de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu cromul \u0219i siliciul, \u00eens\u0103, este un element aliaj al o\u021belurilor rezistente la temperaturi ridicate, iar \u00eempreun\u0103 cu nichelul \u0219i cobaltul, este un element aliaj al magne\u021bilor permanen\u021bi.<\/p>\n
Nichel:<\/strong><\/em> \u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te capacitatea de c\u0103lire a o\u021belului, motiv pentru care este un element de aliaj foarte utilizat.<\/p>\n
Crom:<\/strong><\/em> La fel ca nichelul, spore\u0219te \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 capacitatea de c\u0103lire a o\u021belurilor. Este un element de aliaj foarte r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een o\u021belurile pentru scule. Datorit\u0103 con\u021binutului de crom superior celui al o\u021belului 12% \u0219i con\u021binutului redus de carbon, aceste o\u021beluri prezint\u0103 o bun\u0103 rezisten\u021b\u0103 la acizi.<\/p>\n
\"ac\u00e9lgy\u00e1rt\u00e1s<\/p>\n
Molibden:<\/strong><\/em> Element care formeaz\u0103 carbur\u0103, care spore\u0219te rezisten\u021ba la c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u0219i durabilitatea o\u021belului, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bind totodat\u0103 capacitatea de c\u0103lire a aliajului de o\u021bel. \u00cen combina\u021bie cu tungstenul \u0219i vanadiul, reduce fragilitatea o\u021belurilor temperabile.<\/p>\n
Cupru:<\/strong><\/em> Principalul element de aliaj al o\u021belurilor rezistente la coroziunea atmosferic\u0103.<\/p>\n
Titan:<\/strong><\/em> Cre\u0219te \u00eentr-o mic\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 rezisten\u021ba la rupere a o\u021belului.<\/p>\n
Niobiu:<\/strong><\/em> Se utilizeaz\u0103 pentru aliajele de o\u021beluri rezistente la temperaturi ridicate.<\/p>\n
Staniu:<\/strong><\/em> \u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te prelucrabilitatea o\u021belurilor.<\/p>\n
Aliajele de o\u021bel ob\u021binute prin utilizarea diferitelor elemente de aliere acoper\u0103, a\u0219adar, utilizare industrial\u0103<\/strong><\/em> aproape \u00eentregul spectru.<\/p>\n
O\u021belul, ca materie prim\u0103<\/strong> <\/em>Cu toate acestea, poate fi prelucrat \u00een continuare prin tratamente termice suplimentare, precum \u0219i prin prelucrare la rece \u0219i la cald. Anumite propriet\u0103\u021bi ale sale pot fi modificate chiar \u0219i \u00een acest stadiu. \u00cen urm\u0103toarea \u0219i ultima parte a seriei noastre vom discuta despre aceste procedee.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Pentru ca o\u021belul s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 cerin\u021bele stricte impuse \u00een procesul de fabrica\u021bie a macaralelor, este necesar\u0103 rafinarea \u0219i aliajarea acestuia. Afla\u021bi cum!<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,102],"tags":[145,118,146,147],"class_list":["post-7049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hasznos-tudas","category-hirek-cikkek","tag-acel","tag-darugyartas","tag-gyartas","tag-tortenelem","no-thumb"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA darugy\u00e1rt\u00e1s alapanyaga, az ac\u00e9l - III. r\u00e9sz - Eco-Cranes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hogy az ac\u00e9l eleget tegyen a darugy\u00e1rt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n t\u00e1masztott szigor\u00fa k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeknek, finom\u00edt\u00e1sra \u00e9s \u00f6tv\u00f6z\u00e9sre van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g. 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